Clinoril

Pronunciation: SUL-in-dak
Generic Name: Sulindac
Brand Name: Clinoril

Clinoril is a nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug (NSAID). It may cause an increased risk of serious and sometimes fatal heart and blood vessel problems (eg, heart attack, stroke). The risk may be greater if you already have heart problems or if you take Clinoril for a long time. Do not use Clinoril right before or after bypass heart surgery.

Clinoril may cause an increased risk of serious and sometimes fatal stomach ulcers and bleeding. Elderly patients may be at greater risk. This may occur without warning signs.

Clinoril is used for:

Treating rheumatoid arthritis, osteoarthritis, or ankylosing spondylitis. It is used to treat gout or certain types of bursitis and tendonitis. It may also be used for other conditions as determined by your doctor.

Clinoril is an NSAID. Exactly how it works is not known. It may block certain substances in the body that are linked to inflammation. NSAIDs treat the symptoms of pain and inflammation. They do not treat the disease that causes those symptoms.

Do NOT use Clinoril if:

• you are allergic to any ingredient in Clinoril


• you have had a severe allergic reaction (eg, severe rash, hives, trouble breathing, growths in the nose, dizziness) to aspirin or an NSAID (eg, ibuprofen, celecoxib)


• you have recently had or will be having bypass heart surgery


• you are also taking another NSAID (eg, ibuprofen)


• you are in the last 3 months of pregnancy

Contact your doctor or health care provider right away if any of these apply to you.

Before using Clinoril:

Some medical conditions may interact with Clinoril. Tell your doctor or pharmacist if you have any medical conditions, especially if any of the following apply to you:

• if you are pregnant, planning to become pregnant, or are breast-feeding


• if you are taking any prescription or nonprescription medicine, herbal preparation, or dietary supplement


• if you have allergies to medicines, foods, or other substances


• if you have a history of kidney or liver disease, diabetes, stomach or bowel problems (eg, bleeding, perforation, ulcers), or inflammation of the pancreas


• if you have a history of swelling or fluid buildup, kidney stones, asthma, growths in the nose (nasal polyps), or mouth inflammation


• if you have high blood pressure, a blood disorder, bleeding or clotting problems, heart problems (eg, heart failure), lupus or other connective tissue disease, or blood vessel disease, or if you are at risk for any of these diseases


• if you have poor health, dehydration or low fluid volume, or low blood sodium levels, if you drink alcohol, or if you have a history of alcohol abuse

Some MEDICINES MAY INTERACT with Clinoril. Tell your health care provider if you are taking any other medicines, especially any of the following:

• Bisphosphonates (eg, alendronate, risedronate) because the risk of stomach or bowel problems may be increased. Contact your doctor if you experience heartburn, stomach pain, nausea or vomiting, or a sensation of fullness


• Anticoagulants (eg, warfarin), aspirin, corticosteroids (eg, prednisone), heparin, other NSAIDs (eg, ibuprofen), or selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) (eg, fluoxetine) because the risk of stomach bleeding may be increased


• Probenecid because it may increase the risk of Clinoril's side effects


• Diflunisal or dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) because they may decrease Clinoril's effectiveness


• Cyclosporine, lithium, methotrexate, quinolones (eg, ciprofloxacin), or sulfonylureas (eg, glipizide) because the risk of their side effects may be increased by Clinoril


• Angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitors (eg, enalapril), angiotensin receptor blockers (eg, losartan), or diuretics (eg, furosemide, hydrochlorothiazide) because their effectiveness may be decreased by Clinoril

This may not be a complete list of all interactions that may occur. Ask your health care provider if Clinoril may interact with other medicines that you take. Check with your health care provider before you start, stop, or change the dose of any medicine.

How to use Clinoril:

Use Clinoril as directed by your doctor. Check the label on the medicine for exact dosing instructions.

• Clinoril comes with an extra patient information sheet called a Medication Guide. Read it carefully. Read it again each time you get Clinoril refilled.


• Take Clinoril by mouth with food. This may not lower the risk of stomach or bowel problems (eg, bleeding, ulcers). Talk with your doctor if you have persistent stomach upset.


• Take Clinoril with a full glass of water (8 oz/240 mL) as directed by your doctor.


• Drinking extra fluids while you are taking Clinoril is recommended. Check with your doctor for instructions.


• If you miss a dose of Clinoril and you are taking it regularly, take it as soon as possible. If it is almost time for your next dose, skip the missed dose. Go back to your regular dosing schedule. Do not take 2 doses at once.

Ask your health care provider any questions you may have about how to use Clinoril.

Important safety information:

• Clinoril may cause dizziness or drowsiness. These effects may be worse if you take it with alcohol or certain medicines. Use Clinoril with caution. Do not drive or perform other possibly unsafe tasks until you know how you react to it.


• Serious stomach ulcers or bleeding can occur with the use of Clinoril. Taking it in high doses or for a long time, smoking, or drinking alcohol increases the risk of these side effects. Taking Clinoril with food will NOT reduce the risk of these effects. Contact your doctor or emergency room at once if you develop severe stomach or back pain; black, tarry stools; vomit that looks like blood or coffee grounds; or unusual weight gain or swelling.


• Do NOT take more than the recommended dose or use for longer than prescribed without checking with your doctor.


• Clinoril is an NSAID. Before you start taking any new medicine, read the ingredients. If it also has an NSAID (eg, ibuprofen) in it, check with your doctor. If you are not sure, check with your doctor or pharmacist.


• Do not take aspirin while you are using Clinoril unless your doctor tells you to.


• Diabetes patients - Clinoril may affect your blood sugar. Check blood sugar levels closely. Ask your doctor before you change the dose of your diabetes medicine.


• Lab tests, including kidney function, complete blood cell counts, and blood pressure, may be performed while you use Clinoril. These tests may be used to monitor your condition or check for side effects. Be sure to keep all doctor and lab appointments.


• Use Clinoril with caution in the ELDERLY; they may be more sensitive to its effects, especially stomach bleeding and kidney problems.


• Clinoril should be used with extreme caution in CHILDREN; safety and effectiveness in children have not been confirmed.


• PREGNANCY and BREAST-FEEDING: Clinoril may cause harm to the fetus. Do not use it during the last 3 months of pregnancy. If you think you may be pregnant, contact your doctor. You will need to discuss the benefits and risks of using Clinoril while you are pregnant. It is not known if Clinoril is found in breast milk. Do not breast-feed while taking Clinoril.

Possible side effects of Clinoril:

All medicines may cause side effects, but many people have no, or minor, side effects. Check with your doctor if any of these most COMMON side effects persist or become bothersome:

Constipation; diarrhea; dizziness; gas; headache; heartburn; nausea; stomach upset.

Seek medical attention right away if any of these SEVERE side effects occur:

Severe allergic reactions (rash; hives; itching; trouble breathing; tightness in the chest; swelling of the mouth, face, lips, or tongue); bloody or black, tarry stools; change in the amount of urine produced; chest pain; confusion; dark urine; depression; fainting; fast or irregular heartbeat; fever, chills, or persistent sore throat; flushing; lower back or side pain; mental or mood changes; muscle or unusual joint aches or pain; numbness of an arm or leg; one-sided weakness; red, swollen, blistered, or peeling skin; ringing in the ears; seizures; severe headache or dizziness; severe or persistent stomach pain, nausea, or vomiting; shortness of breath; sudden or unexplained weight gain; swelling of hands, legs, or feet; unusual bruising or bleeding; unusual joint or muscle pain; unusual tiredness or weakness; vision or speech changes; vomit that looks like coffee grounds; yellowing of the skin or eyes.

This is not a complete list of all side effects that may occur. If you have questions about side effects, contact your health care provider. Call your doctor for medical advice about side effects. To report side effects to the appropriate agency, please read the Guide to Reporting Problems to FDA.

See also: Clinoril side effects (in more detail)

If OVERDOSE is suspected:

Contact 1-800-222-1222 (the American Association of Poison Control Centers), your local poison control center, or emergency room immediately. Symptoms may include decreased urination; loss of consciousness; seizures; severe dizziness or drowsiness; severe nausea or stomach pain; slow or troubled breathing; unusual bleeding or bruising; vomit that looks like coffee grounds.

Proper storage of Clinoril:

Store Clinoril at room temperature, between 59 and 86 degrees F (15 and 30 degrees C). Store away from heat, moisture, and light. Do not store in the bathroom. Keep Clinoril out of the reach of children and away from pets.

General information:

• If you have any questions about Clinoril, please talk with your doctor, pharmacist, or other health care provider.


• Clinoril is to be used only by the patient for whom it is prescribed. Do not share it with other people.


• If your symptoms do not improve or if they become worse, check with your doctor.


• Check with your pharmacist about how to dispose of unused medicine.

This information is summary only. It does not contain all information about Clinoril. If you have questions about the medicine you are taking or would like more information, check with your doctor, pharmacist, or other health care provider.

Issue Date: February 1, 2012

Database Edition 12.1.1.002

Copyright © 2012 Wolters Kluwer Health, Inc.

More Clinoril resources

• Clinoril Side Effects (in more detail)
• Clinoril Use in Pregnancy & Breastfeeding
• Drug Images
• Clinoril Drug Interactions
• Clinoril Support Group
• 2 Reviews for Clinoril - Add your own review/rating

• Clinoril Prescribing Information (FDA)


• Clinoril Advanced Consumer (Micromedex) - Includes Dosage Information


• Clinoril Concise Consumer Information (Cerner Multum)


• Clinoril Monograph (AHFS DI)


• Sulindac Prescribing Information (FDA)


• Sulindac Professional Patient Advice (Wolters Kluwer)

Compare Clinoril with other medications

• Ankylosing Spondylitis
• Familial Adenomatous Polyposis
• Gout, Acute
• Juvenile Rheumatoid Arthritis
• Osteoarthritis
• Pain
• Rheumatoid Arthritis

Leprosy, Tuberculoid Medications

Drugs associated with Leprosy, Tuberculoid

The following drugs and medications are in some way related to, or used in the treatment of Leprosy, Tuberculoid. This service should be used as a supplement to, and NOT a substitute for, the expertise, skill, knowledge and judgment of healthcare practitioners.

Drug List:

Rifadin

Rifadin-Iv

Rimactane

Ingel-Mamyzin

Ingel-Mamyzin may be available in the countries listed below.

In some countries, this medicine may only be approved for veterinary use.

Ingredient matches for Ingel-Mamyzin

Penethamate Hydriodide

Penethamate Hydriodide is reported as an ingredient of Ingel-Mamyzin in the following countries:

• Austria


• Germany

International Drug Name Search

Anexate

UK

Roche

Anexate 500 micrograms/5 ml Ampoule

Flumazenil

Please read all of this leaflet carefully before you start taking this medicine.

• Keep this leaflet. You may need to read it again.


• If you have any further questions, ask your doctor or nurse.


• If any of the side effects become serious or troublesome, or if you notice any side effects not listed in this leaflet, please tell your doctor or nurse.

In this leaflet:

• 1. What Anexate is and what it is used for


• 2. Before you are given Anexate


• 3. How Anexate will be given


• 4. Possible side effects


• 5. How Anexate is stored


• 6. Further information

What Anexate is and what it is used for

Anexate contains a medicine called flumazenil. It is used to wake you up after you have been made sleepy by a medicine called a ‘benzodiazepine’.

Anexate reverses the effects of the ‘benzodiazepine’ medicine. It is used to:

• Wake you up after an operation or medical test.


• Help you to breathe for yourself and wake up if you have been on a ventilator in intensive care.

Before you are given Anexate

You must not be given Anexate if you are allergic (hypersensitive) to:

• Flumazenil or any of the other ingredients of Anexate (listed in Section 6: Further information).


• ‘Benzodiazepine’ medicines. These include diazepam, midazolam and temazepam.

You must not be given Anexate if any of the above apply to you. If you are not sure, talk to your doctor or
nurse before having Anexate.

You must not be given Anexate if:

• You are already taking a ‘benzodiazepine’ medicine to treat a very serious illness (such as raised intra-cranial pressure or status epilepticus).



• You have taken a ‘benzodiazepine’ medicine and certain anti-depressant medicines at the same time and this has made you ill. These anti-depressant medicines (known as tricyclic or tetracyclic anti-depressants) include medicines such as amitriptyline, imipramine and dothiepin hydrochloride.

You must not be given Anexate if any of the above apply to you. If you are not sure, talk to your doctor or nurse before having Anexate.

Take special care with Anexate

Check with your doctor or nurse before having Anexate if:

• You have a head injury.


• You have epilepsy and are being treated with a ‘benzodiazepine’ medicine.


• You are very nervous about having your operation or medical test.


• You have a history of anxiety.


• You have heart disease or liver problems.

If any of the above apply to you, or if you are not sure, talk to your doctor or nurse before you have Anexate.

Taking other medicines

Please tell your doctor or nurse if you are taking or have recently taken any other medicines. This includes medicines that you buy without a prescription and herbal medicines. This is because Anexate can affect the way some other medicines work. Also some other medicines can affect the way Anexate works.

In particular, tell your doctor or nurse if you are taking any of the following medicines:

• ‘Benzodiazepine’ medicines, even if you have not taken them in the last few weeks. These include diazepam, midazolam and temazepam.


• Zopiclone (used to help you sleep).


• Medicines that change your mood or behaviour. These include medicines called tranquillizers, antidepressants and sedatives.

Pregnancy and breast-feeding

Talk to your doctor or nurse before having Anexate if you are pregnant, might become pregnant or are
breast-feeding.

Driving and using machines

• Do not drive or use any tools or machines for at least 24 hours after having Anexate.


• Do not do anything that is physically or mentally demanding for at least 24 hours after having Anexate.

This is because the effects of the ‘benzodiazepine’ medicine may return and you may start to feel sleepy
again.

How Anexate will be given

Anexate will be given to you by a doctor. It will be given to you as a slow injection into one of your veins.

The dose of Anexate varies from one patient to another. It depends on your age, weight, how well your liver and kidneys are working and what you need the medicine for. The doctor will work out how much to give
you.

If you have any further questions on the use of this medicine, ask your doctor or nurse.

Anexate Side Effects

Like all medicines Anexate can cause side effects, although not everyone gets them.

Allergic reactions (very rare)

If you have an allergic reaction, see a doctor straight away. The signs may include:

• Sudden swelling of the throat, face, lips or mouth. This can make it difficult to breathe or swallow.


• Sudden swelling of the hands, feet or ankles.


• Skin rash or itching.

Other possible side effects:

Stomach and gut

• Feeling sick or being sick.

Heart and circulation

• Redness of the face and neck (flushing).


• Increased blood pressure and increased heart rate. These effects have been seen in people having Anexate in intensive care.


• Changed heart rate. This is most likely in people given Anexate after an overdose of more than one
  medicine, including at least one ‘benzodiazepine’, especially if taken with certain anti-depressants.

Mind and nervous system

• Feeling agitated, anxious or frightened. These effects can happen to people who have woken up too quickly.


• Panic attacks (in people who have had panic attacks in the past).


• Convulsions (seizures). These are more likely in people who already have epilepsy or severe liver problems or in people who have taken ‘benzodiazepine’ medicines for a long time. Convulsions are also more likely in people given Anexate after an overdose of more than one medicine, including at least one ‘benzodiazepine’, especially if taken with certain anti-depressants.

Withdrawal symptoms

• If you have recently been taking ‘benzodiazepine’ medicines (for example to help you sleep or to treat anxiety), you may get withdrawal symptoms after having Anexate. This may happen even if you stopped taking these medicines a few days or weeks before having Anexate. Withdrawal symptoms include disturbed sleep, depression, feeling nervous, feeling irritable, feeling dizzy, a rapid heartbeat, diarrhoea and sweating.

If any of the side effects become serious or troublesome, or if you notice any side effects not listed in this leaflet, please tell your doctor or nurse.

How Anexate is stored

• Your doctor or pharmacist is responsible for storing Anexate. They are also responsible for disposing of any unused Anexate correctly.


• Keep out of the reach and sight of children.


• Do not use after the expiry date which is stated on the pack.


• Do not store above 30ºC.

Further information

What Anexate contains

The active substance in Anexate 500 micrograms/5 ml Ampoule is flumazenil. Each millilitre (ml) of liquid medicine contains 100 micrograms of flumazenil. Each ampoule (small glass bottle) contains 500 micrograms of flumazenil (in 5 ml of liquid).

The other ingredients are disodium edetate, glacial acetic acid, sodium chloride, sodium hydroxide and water for injections.

What Anexate looks like and contents of the pack

Anexate is a clear almost colourless liquid (‘solution for injection or infusion’). This liquid may be further diluted to make it weaker before it is given to you.

Anexate is supplied in clear glass ampoules in packs of 5 or 25. Not all packs may be marketed.

Marketing Authorisation Holder and Manufacturer

The Marketing Authorisation Holder and Manufacturer is:

Roche Products Limited

6 Falcon Way

Shire Park

Welwyn Garden City

AL7 1TW

United Kingdom

This leaflet was last approved in November 2008.

Vitamin B Complex/Vitamin C/Biotin/Vitamin E/Folic Acid

Pronunciation: VYE-ta-min B/VYE-ta-min C/BYE-oh-tin/VYE-ta-min E/FOE-lik AS-id/EYE-urn
Generic Name: Vitamin B Complex/Vitamin C/Biotin/Vitamin E/Folic Acid
Brand Name: Renatabs with Iron

Vitamin B Complex/Vitamin C/Biotin/Vitamin E/Folic Acid is used for:

A dietary supplement in certain patients with kidney failure. It is also used as a stress vitamin. It may also be used for other conditions as determined by your doctor.

Vitamin B Complex/Vitamin C/Biotin/Vitamin E/Folic Acid is a vitamin, folic acid, and iron combination. It works by providing vitamins, folic acid, and iron to the body to help meet nutritional requirements.

Do NOT use Vitamin B Complex/Vitamin C/Biotin/Vitamin E/Folic Acid if:

• you are allergic to any ingredient in Vitamin B Complex/Vitamin C/Biotin/Vitamin E/Folic Acid


• you have certain iron metabolism problems (eg, hemochromatosis, hemosiderosis) or you have high levels of iron in your blood

Contact your doctor or health care provider right away if any of these apply to you.

Before using Vitamin B Complex/Vitamin C/Biotin/Vitamin E/Folic Acid:

Some medical conditions may interact with Vitamin B Complex/Vitamin C/Biotin/Vitamin E/Folic Acid. Tell your doctor or pharmacist if you have any medical conditions, especially if any of the following apply to you:

• if you are pregnant, plan to become pregnant, or are breast-feeding


• if you are taking any prescription or nonprescription medicine, herbal preparation, or dietary supplement


• if you have allergies to medicines, foods, or other substances


• if you have anemia (eg, pernicious anemia) or a history of other blood or bleeding problems


• if you have a peptic ulcer or stomach or bowel problems (eg, ulcerative colitis)


• if you have a history of seizures

Some MEDICINES MAY INTERACT with Vitamin B Complex/Vitamin C/Biotin/Vitamin E/Folic Acid. Tell your health care provider if you are taking any other medicines, especially any of the following:

• Fluorouracil because the risk of its side effects may be increased by Vitamin B Complex/Vitamin C/Biotin/Vitamin E/Folic Acid


• Bisphosphonates (eg, alendronate), cephalosporins (eg, cefdinir), hydantoins (eg, phenytoin), levodopa, methyldopa, penicillamine, quinolones (eg, ciprofloxacin, levofloxacin), tetracyclines (eg, doxycycline), or thyroid hormones (eg, levothyroxine) because their effectiveness may be decreased by Vitamin B Complex/Vitamin C/Biotin/Vitamin E/Folic Acid

This may not be a complete list of all interactions that may occur. Ask your health care provider if Vitamin B Complex/Vitamin C/Biotin/Vitamin E/Folic Acid may interact with other medicines that you take. Check with your health care provider before you start, stop, or change the dose of any medicine.

How to use Vitamin B Complex/Vitamin C/Biotin/Vitamin E/Folic Acid:

Use Vitamin B Complex/Vitamin C/Biotin/Vitamin E/Folic Acid as directed by your doctor. Check the label on the medicine for exact dosing instructions.

• Take Vitamin B Complex/Vitamin C/Biotin/Vitamin E/Folic Acid by mouth with or without food. If stomach upset occurs, take with food to reduce stomach irritation.


• This product contains 2 different tablets; one is a vitamin tablet and the other is an iron tablet. Be sure you understand how to take Vitamin B Complex/Vitamin C/Biotin/Vitamin E/Folic Acid. Check with your doctor or pharmacist if you have any questions.


• Dialysis patients - Vitamin B Complex/Vitamin C/Biotin/Vitamin E/Folic Acid should be taken after treatment on dialysis days.


• If you also take a bisphosphonate (eg, alendronate), a cephalosporin (eg, cefdinir), methyldopa, penicillamine, a quinolone (eg, ciprofloxacin), or a tetracycline (eg, doxycycline) check with your doctor about how to take it with Vitamin B Complex/Vitamin C/Biotin/Vitamin E/Folic Acid.


• If you miss a dose of Vitamin B Complex/Vitamin C/Biotin/Vitamin E/Folic Acid, take it as soon as possible. If it is almost time for your next dose, skip the missed dose and go back to your regular dosing schedule. Do not take 2 doses at once.

Ask your health care provider any questions you may have about how to use Vitamin B Complex/Vitamin C/Biotin/Vitamin E/Folic Acid.

Important safety information:

• Do not take large doses of vitamins (megadoses or megavitamin therapy) unless directed by your doctor.


• Vitamin B Complex/Vitamin C/Biotin/Vitamin E/Folic Acid has pyridoxine (vitamin B6), folic acid, and iron in it. Before you begin taking any new prescription or nonprescription medicine, read the ingredients to see if it has pyridoxine, folic acid, or iron in it too. If it does or if you are not sure, check with your doctor or pharmacist.


• Vitamin B Complex/Vitamin C/Biotin/Vitamin E/Folic Acid has iron in it. Iron overdose is a leading cause of fatal poisoning in children younger than 6 years of age. In case of an overdose, call a doctor or poison control center right away.


• Vitamin B Complex/Vitamin C/Biotin/Vitamin E/Folic Acid may interfere with certain lab tests. Be sure your doctor and lab personnel know you are taking Vitamin B Complex/Vitamin C/Biotin/Vitamin E/Folic Acid.


• Lab tests, including hematocrit, hemoglobin levels, and blood iron levels, may be performed while you use Vitamin B Complex/Vitamin C/Biotin/Vitamin E/Folic Acid. These tests may be used to monitor your condition or check for side effects. Be sure to keep all doctor and lab appointments.


• PREGNANCY and BREAST-FEEDING: If you become pregnant, contact your doctor. You will need to discuss the benefits and risks of using Vitamin B Complex/Vitamin C/Biotin/Vitamin E/Folic Acid while you are pregnant. Vitamin B Complex/Vitamin C/Biotin/Vitamin E/Folic Acid is found in breast milk. If you are or will be breast-feeding while you use Vitamin B Complex/Vitamin C/Biotin/Vitamin E/Folic Acid, check with your doctor. Discuss any possible risks to your baby.

Possible side effects of Vitamin B Complex/Vitamin C/Biotin/Vitamin E/Folic Acid:

All medicines may cause side effects, but many people have no, or minor side effects. Check with your doctor if any of these most COMMON side effects persist or become bothersome:

Constipation; dark or green stools; mild diarrhea; nausea; stomach pain; vomiting.

Seek medical attention right away if any of these SEVERE side effects occur:

Severe allergic reactions (rash; hives; itching; difficulty breathing; tightness in the chest; swelling of the mouth, face, lips, or tongue); black, tarry stools; numbness or tingling of the skin; severe or persistent stomach pain or cramping.

This is not a complete list of all side effects that may occur. If you have questions about side effects, contact your health care provider. Call your doctor for medical advice about side effects. To report side effects to the appropriate agency, please read the Guide to Reporting Problems to FDA.

If OVERDOSE is suspected:

Contact 1-800-222-1222 (the American Association of Poison Control Centers), your local poison control center, or emergency room immediately. Symptoms may include blue or unusually pale skin; drowsiness or dizziness; fast heartbeat; increased thirst or urination; loss of balance; seizures; severe or persistent nausea, vomiting, or diarrhea; sluggishness; vomiting blood; weakness.

Proper storage of Vitamin B Complex/Vitamin C/Biotin/Vitamin E/Folic Acid:

Store Vitamin B Complex/Vitamin C/Biotin/Vitamin E/Folic Acid between 68 and 77 degrees F (20 and 25 degrees C). Brief storage at temperatures between 59 and 86 degrees F (15 and 30 degrees C) is permitted. Store away from heat, moisture, and light. Do not store in the bathroom. Keep Vitamin B Complex/Vitamin C/Biotin/Vitamin E/Folic Acid out of the reach of children and away from pets.

General information:

• If you have any questions about Vitamin B Complex/Vitamin C/Biotin/Vitamin E/Folic Acid, please talk with your doctor, pharmacist, or other health care provider.


• Vitamin B Complex/Vitamin C/Biotin/Vitamin E/Folic Acid is to be used only by the patient for whom it is prescribed. Do not share it with other people.


• If your symptoms do not improve or if they become worse, check with your doctor.


• Check with your pharmacist about how to dispose of unused medicine.

This information is a summary only. It does not contain all information about Vitamin B Complex/Vitamin C/Biotin/Vitamin E/Folic Acid. If you have questions about the medicine you are taking or would like more information, check with your doctor, pharmacist, or other health care provider.

Issue Date: February 1, 2012

Database Edition 12.1.1.002

Copyright © 2012 Wolters Kluwer Health, Inc.

More Vitamin B Complex/Vitamin C/Biotin/Vitamin E/Folic Acid resources

• Vitamin B Complex/Vitamin C/Biotin/Vitamin E/Folic Acid Dosage
• Vitamin B Complex/Vitamin C/Biotin/Vitamin E/Folic Acid Use in Pregnancy & Breastfeeding
• Vitamin B Complex/Vitamin C/Biotin/Vitamin E/Folic Acid Drug Interactions
• Vitamin B Complex/Vitamin C/Biotin/Vitamin E/Folic Acid Support Group
• 4 Reviews for Vitamin B Complex/Vitamin C/Biotin/Vitamin E/Folic Acid - Add your own review/rating

Compare Vitamin B Complex/Vitamin C/Biotin/Vitamin E/Folic Acid with other medications

• Vitamin/Mineral Supplementation and Deficiency

loracarbef

Generic Name: loracarbef (lor a KAR bef)

Brand Names: Lorabid, Lorabid Pulvules

What is loracarbef?

Loracarbef is an antibiotic that fights bacteria in your body.

Loracarbef is used to treat many different types of infections caused by bacteria.

Loracarbef may also be used for other purposes not listed in this medication guide.

What is the most important information I should know about loracarbef?

Do not take this medication if you are allergic to loracarbef, or to similar antibiotics, such as Ceftin, Cefzil, Duricef, Fortaz, Keflex, Omnicef, Spectracef, Suprax, and others.

Before taking this medication, tell your doctor if you are allergic to any drugs (especially penicillin).

Take this medication for the entire length of time prescribed by your doctor. Your symptoms may get better before the infection is completely treated. Loracarbef will not treat a viral infection such as the common cold or flu.

Antibiotic medicines can cause diarrhea, which may be a sign of a new infection. If you have diarrhea that is watery or has blood in it, call your doctor. Do not use any medicine to stop the diarrhea unless your doctor has told you to.

What should I discuss with my healthcare provider before taking loracarbef?

Do not take this medication if you are allergic to loracarbef or to any cephalosporin antibiotic, such as:

• 
  

  cefadroxil (Duricef);

  
  


• 
  

  cefdinir (Omnicef);

  
  


• 
  

  cefditoren (Spectracef);

  
  


• 
  

  cefixime (Suprax);

  
  


• 
  

  cefprozil (Cefzil);

  
  


• 
  

  ceftazidime (Fortaz);

  
  


• 
  

  cefuroxime (Ceftin);

  
  


• 
  

  cephalexin (Keflex); and others.

  
  

Before taking loracarbef, tell your doctor if you have:

• 
  

  kidney disease;

  
  


• 
  

  a history of intestinal problems (especially colitis); or

  
  


• 
  

  are allergic to any drugs, especially penicillins.

  
  

If you have any of these conditions, you may need a dose adjustment or special tests to safely take loracarbef.

FDA pregnancy category B. This medication is not expected to be harmful to an unborn baby. Tell your doctor if you are pregnant or plan to become pregnant during treatment. It is not known whether loracarbef passes into breast milk or if it could harm a nursing baby. Do not use this medication without telling your doctor if you are breast-feeding a baby.

The liquid form of loracarbef may contain sucrose (sugar). Talk to your doctor before using this form of loracarbef if you have diabetes.

How should I take loracarbef?

Take this medication exactly as it was prescribed for you. Do not take the medication in larger amounts, or take it for longer than recommended by your doctor. Follow the directions on your prescription label.

Take this medicine with a full glass of water. Take loracarbef on an empty stomach, at least 1 hour before or 2 hours after a meal. Shake the suspension (liquid) well just before you measure a dose. To be sure you get the correct dose, measure the liquid with a marked measuring spoon or medicine cup, not with a regular table spoon. If you do not have a dose-measuring device, ask your pharmacist for one. Take loracarbef for the entire length of time prescribed by your doctor. Your symptoms may get better before the infection is completely treated. Loracarbef will not treat a viral infection such as the common cold or flu.

Contact your doctor if your infection does not improve or if your symptoms get worse.

Store this medication at room temperature away from moisture and heat.

Throw away any unused liquid medication that is older than 14 days.

What happens if I miss a dose?

Take the medication as soon as you remember the missed dose. If it is almost time for your next dose, skip the missed dose and use the medicine at your next regularly scheduled time. Do not use extra medicine to make up the missed dose.

What happens if I overdose?

Seek emergency medical attention if you think you have used too much of this medicine.

Overdose symptoms may include nausea, vomiting, stomach pain, and diarrhea.

What should I avoid while taking loracarbef?

Avoid using antacids within 1 hour before or after taking loracarbef. Antacids can make it harder for your body to absorb loracarbef.

Antibiotic medicines can cause diarrhea, which may be a sign of a new infection. If you have diarrhea that is watery or has blood in it, call your doctor. Do not use any medicine to stop the diarrhea unless your doctor has told you to.

Loracarbef side effects

Get emergency medical help if you have any of these signs of an allergic reaction: hives; difficulty breathing; swelling of your face, lips, tongue, or throat. Call your doctor at once if you have any of these serious side effects:

• 
  

  diarrhea that is watery or bloody;

  
  


• 
  

  seizure (convulsions);

  
  


• 
  

  fever, sore throat, and joint pain with a severe blistering, peeling, and red skin rash;

  
  


• 
  

  easy bruising or bleeding, unusual weakness; or

  
  


• 
  

  skin rash, bruising, severe tingling, numbness, pain, muscle weakness.

  
  

Less serious side effects may include:

• 
  

  mild itching or skin rash;

  
  


• 
  

  mild nausea, vomiting, stomach pain, loss of appetite;

  
  


• 
  

  warmth, redness, or tingling under your skin;

  
  


• 
  

  headache;

  
  


• 
  

  dizziness, drowsiness; or

  
  


• 
  

  vaginal itching or discharge.

  
  

This is not a complete list of side effects and others may occur. Tell your doctor about any unusual or bothersome side effect.

Loracarbef Dosing Information

Usual Adult Dose for Bronchitis:

Secondary bacterial infection of acute bronchitis: 200 to 400 mg orally every 12 hours for 7 days
Acute bacterial exacerbation of chronic bronchitis: 400 mg orally every 12 hours for 7 days

Usual Adult Dose for Cystitis:

Uncomplicated: 200 mg orally every 24 hours for 7 days

Usual Adult Dose for Pneumonia:

Mild to moderate: 400 mg orally every 12 hours for 14 days

Usual Adult Dose for Pyelonephritis:

Uncomplicated: 400 mg orally every 12 hours for 14 days

Usual Adult Dose for Sinusitis:

400 mg orally every 12 hours for 10 days

Usual Adult Dose for Skin or Soft Tissue Infection:

Uncomplicated: 200 mg orally every 12 hours for 7 days

Usual Adult Dose for Tonsillitis/Pharyngitis:

200 mg orally every 12 hours for 10 days

Usual Adult Dose for Upper Respiratory Tract Infection:

Mild to moderate: 200 to 400 mg orally every 12 hours for approximately 7 to 10 days, depending on the nature and severity of the infection

Usual Pediatric Dose for Otitis Media:

6 months to 12 years: 15 mg/kg of the suspension orally every 12 hours for 10 days, not to exceed 800 mg/24 hours

Usual Pediatric Dose for Sinusitis:

6 months to 12 years: 15 mg/kg orally every 12 hours for 10 days, not to exceed 800 mg/day
13 years or older: 400 mg orally every 12 hours for 10 days

Usual Pediatric Dose for Skin or Soft Tissue Infection:

6 months to 12 years: 7.5 mg/kg orally every 12 hours for 7 days, not to exceed 400 mg/24 hours
13 years or older: 200 mg orally every 12 hours for 7 days

Usual Pediatric Dose for Impetigo:

6 months to 12 years: 7.5 mg/kg orally every 12 hours for 7 days, not to exceed 400 mg/24 hours
13 years or older: 200 mg orally every 12 hours for 7 days

Usual Pediatric Dose for Tonsillitis/Pharyngitis:

6 months to 12 years: 7.5 mg/kg orally every 12 hours for 10 days, not to exceed 400 mg/24 hours
13 years or older: 200 mg orally every 12 hours for 10 days

What other drugs will affect loracarbef?

Before you take loracarbef, tell your doctor if you are also taking:

• 
  

  probenecid (Benemid); or

  
  


• 
  

  a diuretic (water pill) such as amiloride (Midamor, Moduretic), furosemide (Lasix), hydrochlorothiazide (HCTZ, HydroDiuril, Hyzaar, Lopressor, Vasoretic, Zestoretic), metolazone (Mykrox, Zarxolyn), spironolactone (Aldactazide, Aldactone), triamterene (Dyrenium, Maxzide, Dyazide), and others.

  
  

This list is not complete and there may be other drugs that can interact with loracarbef. Tell your doctor about all the prescription and over-the-counter medications you use. This includes vitamins, minerals, herbal products, and drugs prescribed by other doctors. Do not start taking a new medication without telling your doctor.

More loracarbef resources

• Loracarbef Side Effects (in more detail)
• Loracarbef Use in Pregnancy & Breastfeeding
• Loracarbef Drug Interactions
• Loracarbef Support Group
• 1 Review for Loracarbef - Add your own review/rating

• loracarbef Advanced Consumer (Micromedex) - Includes Dosage Information


• Loracarbef MedFacts Consumer Leaflet (Wolters Kluwer)


• Loracarbef Monograph (AHFS DI)


• Lorabid Prescribing Information (FDA)

Compare loracarbef with other medications

• Bladder Infection
• Bronchitis
• Impetigo
• Kidney Infections
• Otitis Media
• Pneumonia
• Sinusitis
• Skin Infection
• Strep Throat
• Tonsillitis/Pharyngitis
• Upper Respiratory Tract Infection

Where can I get more information?

• Your pharmacist can provide more information about loracarbef.

See also: loracarbef side effects (in more detail)

Palivizumab

Class: Monoclonal Antibodies
VA Class: AM800
CAS Number: 188039-54-5
Brands: Synagis

Introduction

Antiviral; biosynthetic humanized form of a murine monoclonal antibody to the F surface glycoprotein of respiratory syncytial virus (RSV).^{1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 50}

Uses for Palivizumab

Respiratory Syncytial Virus (RSV) Infections

Prevention of serious RSV lower respiratory tract infections in infants at high risk for RSV disease.^{1 6 7 8 50 51}

Recommended for infants <24 months of age who have chronic lung disease (e.g., bronchopulmonary dysplasia [BPD]), history of premature birth (gestational age ≤35 weeks), or hemodynamically significant congenital heart disease (CHD).^{1 6 7 8 50 51} May reduce severity of RSV infection and reduce frequency and duration of RSV-related hospitalizations in these high-risk infants.^{1 6 7 8 37 39 40 41 42 50 51}

Drug of choice when RSV prophylaxis is indicated.^{6 7 8 50}

Need for and efficacy of palivizumab prophylaxis following institutional RSV outbreaks† (e.g., in neonatal intensive care units) not studied to date; the major means of preventing RSV illness in such situations is strict observance of infection control practices.^{3 8 9}

Safety and efficacy for treatment of established RSV disease not established.^{1 37} Do not use for treatment of RSV infection.^{1 8 50}

Palivizumab Dosage and Administration

General

• 
  

  Administer first dose immediately prior to RSV season and additional doses once monthly throughout the season.^{1 3 8} In the northern hemisphere, RSV season typically commences in November and lasts through April, but may begin earlier or persist later in certain communities.^{1 3 8}

  
  


• 
  

  AAP states that in most seasons and in most regions of the northern hemisphere, give first dose at beginning of November and the last dose at beginning of March; these 5 doses usually provide protection during the entire season.^{3 8} However, decisions about the specific duration of prophylaxis should be individualized according to the duration of the local RSV season.^{3 8}

  
  


• 
  

  AAP recommends that clinicians consult local health departments or diagnostic virology laboratories or the CDC to determine the epidemiology of RSV in their area.⁸

  
  


• 
  

  If an infant receiving palivizumab prophylaxis becomes infected with RSV, continue giving the monthly prophylaxis doses for the duration of the RSV season.^{1 8 37}

  
  

Administration

IM Administration

Administer IM,^{1 5 6 8} preferably in anterolateral aspect of the thigh.^{1 5} Avoid gluteal muscle because of risk of damage to sciatic nerve.¹

Has been administered by IV infusion† over 3–5 minutes in a limited number of infants,⁴ but manufacturer states the currently available formulation is intended for IM injection only.^{1 37}

Administer immediately after withdrawal from vial.¹ Vial is for single use only; discard any unused portion.¹

Doses involving volumes >1 mL should be divided and injected IM at different sites.¹

Dosage

Pediatric Patients

Respiratory Syncytial Virus (RSV) Infections

Prevention of RSV Lower Respiratory Tract Infections

IM

Infants at high risk for RSV disease: 15 mg/kg once monthly.^{1 6 8 50} Give first dose prior to beginning of RSV season and subsequent doses once monthly until end of season.^{1 6 8}

Infants at high risk for RSV undergoing cardiopulmonary bypass: Give a supplemental 15-mg/kg dose as soon as possible after cardiopulmonary bypass (even if this is <1 month after the last dose).^{1 8 51} (See Plasma Concentrations under Pharmacokinetics.) Thereafter, give usual doses once monthly.^{1 8}

Cautions for Palivizumab

Contraindications

• 
  

  History of a severe reaction to the drug or any ingredient in the formulation (e.g., murine protein).^{1 37}

  
  

Warnings/Precautions

Sensitivity Reactions

Hypersensitivity Reactions

Severe acute hypersensitivity reactions, including anaphylaxis, reported rarely.¹

Dyspnea, cyanosis, respiratory failure, urticaria, pruritus, angioedema, hypotonia, and unresponsiveness also reported.¹

If a severe hypersensitivity reaction occurs, discontinue palivizumab and initiate appropriate supportive care and therapy (e.g., epinephrine).¹ Palivizumab may be continued with caution in patients who experience a milder reaction.¹

General Precautions

Administration Precautions

For IM use only.¹ Use caution in patients with thrombocytopenia or any coagulation disorder.¹

Specific Populations

Pregnancy

Category C.¹ Not indicated in adults; used only in pediatric patients who would not be of childbearing potential.¹

Lactation

Not known whether distributed into milk.³⁷ Not indicated in adults; used only in pediatric patients who would not be of lactating potential.¹

Common Adverse Effects

Upper respiratory tract infection, otitis media, fever, rhinitis, hernia, elevated serum AST concentration.¹

Interactions for Palivizumab

Formal studies have not been conducted to evaluate potential interactions between palivizumab and other drugs.¹

Specific Drugs

Drug	Interaction
Bronchodilators	Not specifically studied, but no apparent increase in adverse effects when used concomitantly1
Corticosteroids	Not specifically studied, but no apparent increase in adverse effects when used concomitantly1
Vaccines	No evidence that palivizumab interferes with the immune response to vaccines;1 8 no apparent increase in adverse effects when given concomitantly with routine childhood vaccines1

Palivizumab Pharmacokinetics

Absorption

Bioavailability

Well absorbed following IM injection in infants.^{5 37}

Plasma Concentrations

Concentrations >40 mcg/mL attained within 2 days after a single 15-mg/kg IM dose; peak concentrations attained within 5–7 days after a dose.^{5 37}

Monthly 15-mg/kg IM doses usually adequate to maintain trough serum concentrations exceeding the ideal target throughout the dosing period (except in children undergoing cardiopulmonary bypass).^{4 5} Lower doses (i.e., 3 or 10 mg/kg IV, 5 or 10 mg/kg IM) result in inadequate trough concentrations.^{4 5}

Surgical procedures involving cardiopulmonary bypass result in a mean 58% decrease in serum palivizumab concentrations.^{1 51} (See Dosage under Dosage and Administration.)

Elimination

Half-life

Pediatric patients ≤24 months of age (including patients ≤6 months of age born at ≤35 weeks’ gestation): 19–27 days.^{1 4 5}

Stability

Storage

Parenteral

Injection

2–8°C in original container; do not freeze.¹

Actions and SpectrumActions

• 
  

  A highly selective antiviral agent active only against RSV.^{1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8}

  
  


• 
  

  Potent, RSV-neutralizing, monoclonal antibody that neutralizes and inhibits fusion of RSV,^{1 2 7} resulting in inhibition of viral replication.¹

  
  


• 
  

  Active against both major strains of RSV (subgroup A and B).^{1 2} In vivo neutralizing activity of the drug was confirmed in a clinical trial in RSV-infected pediatric patients as evidenced by lower recovery of RSV from lower respiratory tract secretions in palivizumab-treated patients compared with placebo recipients.^{1 38}

  
  


• 
  

  Evidence from animal studies indicates palivizumab does not interfere with in vivo development of a protective immune response to RSV.²

  
  


• 
  

  All clinical isolates of RSV subgroup A and B tested to date have been susceptible to palivizumab.^{1 2}

  
  


• 
  

  Animal studies indicate that exposure of RSV to subinhibitory palivizumab concentrations does not enhance viral replication or pathology and does not promote emergence of resistant variants; palivizumab appeared to protect the animals against infection from subsequent RSV challenge despite systemic clearance of the drug.² However, escape mutants (resistant viruses) have been associated with other monoclonal antibodies and the possibility that they could occur with palivizumab should be considered.⁸

  
  

Advice to Patients

• 
  

  Importance of continuing palivizumab prophylaxis in high-risk infants once monthly for the duration of the RSV season.¹

  
  


• 
  

  Importance of contacting clinician if possible symptoms of a hypersensitivity reaction occur (e.g., dyspnea, cyanosis, respiratory failure, urticaria, pruritus, angioedema, hypotonia, unresponsiveness).¹

  
  


• 
  

  Importance of informing clinician of existing or contemplated concomitant therapy, including prescription and OTC drugs and dietary or herbal products, and any concomitant illnesses.

  
  


• 
  

  Importance of advising caregivers of other important precautionary information. (See Cautions.)

  
  

Preparations

Excipients in commercially available drug preparations may have clinically important effects in some individuals; consult specific product labeling for details.

Palivizumab

Routes	Dosage Forms	Strengths	Brand Names	Manufacturer
Parenteral	Injection, for IM use only	50 mg/0.5 mL	Synagis (preservative-free)	MedImmune, (also marketed by Ross)
		100 mg/1 mL	Synagis (preservative-free)	MedImmune, (also marketed by Ross)

Disclaimer

This report on medications is for your information only, and is not considered individual patient advice. Because of the changing nature of drug information, please consult your physician or pharmacist about specific clinical use.

The American Society of Health-System Pharmacists, Inc. and Drugs.com represent that the information provided hereunder was formulated with a reasonable standard of care, and in conformity with professional standards in the field. The American Society of Health-System Pharmacists, Inc. and Drugs.com make no representations or warranties, express or implied, including, but not limited to, any implied warranty of merchantability and/or fitness for a particular purpose, with respect to such information and specifically disclaims all such warranties. Users are advised that decisions regarding drug therapy are complex medical decisions requiring the independent, informed decision of an appropriate health care professional, and the information is provided for informational purposes only. The entire monograph for a drug should be reviewed for a thorough understanding of the drug's actions, uses and side effects. The American Society of Health-System Pharmacists, Inc. and Drugs.com do not endorse or recommend the use of any drug. The information is not a substitute for medical care.

AHFS Drug Information. © Copyright, 1959-2011, Selected Revisions June 2006. American Society of Health-System Pharmacists, Inc., 7272 Wisconsin Avenue, Bethesda, Maryland 20814.

† Use is not currently included in the labeling approved by the US Food and Drug Administration.

References

1. MedImmune, Inc. Synagis (palivizumab) for intramuscular administration prescribing information. Gaithersburg, MD; 2004 Jul 23.

2. Johnson S, Oliver C, Prince GA et al. Development of a humanized monoclonal antibody (MEDI-493) with potent in vitro and in vivo activity against respiratory syncytial virus. J Infect Dis. 1997; 176:1215-24. [PubMed 9359721]

3. Committee on Infectious Diseases, American Academy of Pediatrics. Red book: 2003 report of the Committee on Infectious Diseases. 26th ed. Elk Grove Village, IL: American Academy of Pediatrics; 2003:523-8.

4. Subramanian KNS, Weisman LE, Rhodes T et al. Safety, tolerance and pharmacokinetics of a humanized monoclonal antibody to respiratory syncytial virus in premature infants and infants with bronchopulmonary dysplasia. Pediatr Infect Dis J. 1998; 17:110-15. [IDIS 401101] [PubMed 9493805]

5. Sáez-Llorens X, Casta˜no E, Null D et al. Safety and efficacy of intramuscular humanized monoclonal antibody to respiratory syncytial virus in premature infants with bronchopulmonary dysplasia. Pediatr Infect Dis J. 1998; 17:787-91. [IDIS 415465] [PubMed 9779762]

6. The Impact-RSV Study Group. Palivizumab, a humanized respiratory syncytial virus monoclonal antibody, reduces hospitalization from respiratory syncytial virus infection in high-risk infants. Pediatrics. 1998;102:531-7.

7. Storch GA. Humanized monoclonal antibody for prevention of respiratory syncytial virus infection. Pediatrics. 1998; 102:648-51. [IDIS 413527] [PubMed 9738192]

8. American Academy of Pediatrics Committee on Infectious Diseases and Committee on Fetus and Newborn. Revised indications for the use of palivizumab and respiratory syncytial virus immune globulin intravenous for the prevention of respiratory syncytial virus infections. Pediatrics. 2003; 112:1442-6. [PubMed 14654627]

9. American Academy of Pediatrics Committee on Infectious Diseases, Committee on Fetus and Newborn. Respiratory syncytial virus immune globulin intravenous: indications for use. Pediatrics. 1997; 99:645-50. [IDIS 383952] [PubMed 9093323]

10. Massachusetts Public Health Biologic Laboratories. RespiGam [respiratory syncytial virus immune globulin intravenous (human), (RSV-IGIV)] liquid formulation, solvent detergent treated prescribing information. Boston, MA; 2000 May.

11. Massachusetts Public Health Biologic Laboratories. RespiGam [respiratory syncytial virus immune globulin intravenous (human), (RSV-IGIV)] product monograph. Boston, MA; 1996 May.

12. Groothuis JR, Simoes EAF, Levin MJ et al et al. Prophylactic administration of respiratory syncytial virus immune globulin to high-risk infants and young children. N Engl J Med. 1993; 329:1524-30. [IDIS 322264] [PubMed 8413475]

13. McIntosh K. Respiratory syncytial virus—successful immunoprophylaxis at last. N Engl J Med. 1993; 329:1572- 3. [PubMed 8413482]

14. Siber GR, Leombruno D, Leszczynski J et al. Comparison of antibody concentrations and protective activity of respiratory syncytial virus immune globulin and conventional immune globulin. J Infect Dis. 1994; 169:1368-73. [PubMed 8195619]

15. Connor E, Top F, Kramer A et al et al. Reduction of respiratory syncytial virus hospitalization among premature infants and infants with bronchopulmonary dysplasia using respiratory syncytial virus immune globulin prophylaxis. Pediatrics. 1997; 99:93-9. [IDIS 378350] [PubMed 8989345]

16. La Via WV, Marks MI, Stutman HR. Respiratory syncytial virus puzzle: clinical features, pathophysiology, treatment, and prevention. J Pediatr. 1992; 121:503-10. [PubMed 1403380]

17. Groothuis JR, Simoes EAF, Hemming VG et al et al. Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) infection in preterm infants and the protective effects of RSV immune globulin (RSVIG). Pediatrics. 1995; 95:463-7. [IDIS 345809] [PubMed 7700741]

18. Groothuis JR. Role of antibody and the use of respiratory syncytial virus immunoglobulin in the prevention of respiratory syncytial virus disease in preterm infants with and without bronchopulmonary dysplasia. Pediatr Infect Dis J. 1994; 13:454-8. [PubMed 8072836]

19. Englund JA. Passive protection against respiratory syncytial virus disease in infants: the role of maternal antibody. Pediatr Infect Dis J. 1994; 13:449-53. [PubMed 8072835]

20. Groothuis JR. Role of antibody and use of respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) immune globulin to prevent severe RSV disease in high-risk children. J Pediatr. 1994; 124(Suppl):S28-32. [IDIS 329428] [PubMed 8169755]

21. Levin MJ. Treatment and prevention options for respiratory syncytial virus infections. J Pediatr. 1994; 24(Suppl):S22-7.

22. Meissner HC. Economic impact of viral respiratory disease in children. J Pediatr. 1994; 124(Suppl):S17-21.

23. Hemming VG. Viral respiratory diseases in children: classification, etiology, epidemiology, and risk factors. J Pediatr. 1994; 124(Suppl):S13-6. [PubMed 8169752]

24. Hemming VG, moderator. Questions and answers. Proceedings of First Annual Saul Krugman Symposium on Pediatric Viral Infections: Viral Respiratory Diseases in Children. J Pediatr. 1994; 124(Suppl):S33-4.

25. Hall CB, McCarthy CA. Respiratory syncytial virus. In: Mandell GL, Bennett JE, Dolin R, eds. Mandell, Douglas, and Bennett’s principles and practice of infectious diseases. 4th ed. New York: Churchill Livingstone; 1995:1501-19.

26. Hemming VG, Prince GA, Groothuis JR et al. Hyperimmune globulins in prevention and treatment of respiratory syncytial virus infections. Clin Microbiol Rev. 1995; 8:22-33. [PubMed 7704893]

27. Meissner HC, Welliver RC, Chartrand SA et al. Prevention of respiratory syncytial virus infection in high risk infants: consensus opinion on the role of immunoprophylaxis with respiratory syncytial virus hyperimmune globulin. Pediatr Infect Dis J. 1996; 15:1059-68. [IDIS 378154] [PubMed 8970212]

28. Gilchrist S, Török TJ, Gary HE Jr et al. National surveillance for respiratory syncytial virus, United States, 1985–1990. J Infect Dis. 1994; 170:986-90. [PubMed 7930745]

29. Hay JW, Ernst RL, Meissner HC. Respiratory syncytial virus immune globulin: a cost-effectiveness analysis. Am J Managed Care. 1996; 2:851-61.

30. Murguia de Sierra T, Kumar ML, Wasser TE et al. Respiratory syncytial virus-specific immunoglobulins in preterm infants. J Pediatr. 1993; 122:787-91. [PubMed 8496762]

31. Whimbey E, Champlin RE, Couch RB et al. Community respiratory virus infections among hospitalized adult bone marrow transplant recipients. Clin Infect Dis. 1996; 22:778-82. [PubMed 8722930]

32. Harrington RD, Hooton TM, Hackman RC et al. An outbreak of respiratory syncytial virus in a bone marrow transplant center. J Infect Dis. 1992; 165:987-93. [IDIS 297152] [PubMed 1583345]

33. Whimbey E, Couch RB, Englund JA et al. Respiratory syncytial virus pneumonia in hospitalized adult patients with leukemia. Clin Infect Dis. 1995; 21:376-9. [IDIS 351726] [PubMed 8562747]

34. McConnochie KM, Hall CB, Walsh EE et al. Variation in severity of respiratory syncytial virus infections with subtype. J Pediatr. 1990; 117:52-62. [PubMed 2115082]

35. King JC Jr, Burke AR, Clemens JD et al. Respiratory syncytial virus illnesses in human immunodeficiency virus- and noninfected children. Pediatr Infect Dis J. 1993; 12:733-9. [PubMed 8414800]

36. Hall CB, Powell KR, MacDonald NE et al. Respiratory syncytial viral infection in children with compromised immune function. N Engl J Med. 1986; 315:77-81. [IDIS 217676] [PubMed 3724802]

37. Medimmune, Inc, Gaithersburg, MD: Personal communication.

38. DeVincenzo JP, Malley R, Ramilo O et al. Viral concentration in upper and lower respiratory secretions from respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) infected children treated with RSV monoclonal antibody (MEDI 493). Pediatr Res. 1998; 43:144A.

39. Moler FW, Brown RW, Faix RG et al. Comments on palivizumab (Synagis). Pediatrics. 1999; 103:495-7. [IDIS 440422] [PubMed 9925848]

40. Hall CB, Stevens TP, Swantz RJ et al. Development of local guidelines for prevention of respiratory syncytial viral infections. Pediatr Infect Dis J. 1999; 18:850-3. [IDIS 437579] [PubMed 10530578]

41. Lee SL, Robinson JL. Questions about palivizumab (Synagis). Pediatrics. 1999; 103:535. [IDIS 440426] [PubMed 10026069]

42. Connor EM, Carlin D, Top FJ Jr. Questions about palivizumab (Synagis). Pediatrics. 1999; 103:535. [IDIS 440426] [PubMed 10026069]

43. Berg T. Immunoglobulin levels in infants with low birth weights. Acta Paediatr Scand. 1968; 57:369-376. [PubMed 4178846]

44. Evans HE, Akpata SO, Glass L. Serum immunoglobulin levels in pre-mature and full-term infants. Am J Clin Pathol. 1971; 56:416-8. [PubMed 4999328]

45. Haworth JC, Norris M, Dilling L. A study of the immunoglobulins in premature infants. Arch Dis Child. 1965; 40:243-50. [PubMed 21032417]

46. Hobbs JR and Davis JA. Serum IgG-globulin levels and gestational age in premature babies. Lancet. 1967; 1:757-59. [PubMed 4164125]

47. Stiehm ER, Fudenberg HH. Serum levels of immune globulins in health and disease: a survey. Pediatrics. 1966; 37:715-27. [PubMed 4956666]

48. Yeung CY and Hobbs JR. Serum-gamma G-globulin levels in normal, premature, post-mature and “small-for-dates” newborn babies. Lancet. 1968; 1:1167-72. [PubMed 4172289]

49. Grier CE, Howe BJ. Economic impact of pneumonia due to respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) infection. ICAAC 35th annual meeting. San Francisco, CA, 1995. Abstract No. N9.

50. Meissuer HC, Welliver RC, Chartrand SA et al. Immunoprophylaxis with palivizumab, a humanized respiratory syncytial virus monoclonal antibody, for prevention of respiratory syncytial virus infection in high risk infants: a consensus opinion. Pediatr Infect Dis J. 1999; 18:223-31. [IDIS 426689] [PubMed 10093942]

51. Feltes TF, Cabalka, AK, Meissner C et al. Palivizumab prophylaxis reduces hospitalization due to respiratory syncytial virus in young children with hemodynamically significant congenital heart disease. J Pediatr. 2003; 143:532-40. [PubMed 14571236]

More Palivizumab resources

• Palivizumab Side Effects (in more detail)
• Palivizumab Use in Pregnancy & Breastfeeding
• Palivizumab Support Group
• 0 Reviews for Palivizumab - Add your own review/rating

• Palivizumab MedFacts Consumer Leaflet (Wolters Kluwer)


• Palivizumab Professional Patient Advice (Wolters Kluwer)


• palivizumab Intramuscular Advanced Consumer (Micromedex) - Includes Dosage Information


• Synagis Prescribing Information (FDA)


• Synagis Consumer Overview

Compare Palivizumab with other medications

• Respiratory Syncytial Virus